What Is a Fertile Male Beef Cattle Called
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (equally distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk product). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known every bit beefiness. In beef production there are three main stages: cow-dogie operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production cycle of the animals start at cow-calf operations; this performance is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known equally feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals non grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers. While the master use of beef cattle is meat product, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Too convenance to run into the need for beefiness product, owners also apply selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could exist bacteria meat[one] or resistance to affliction.[two] Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beefiness production. These breeds take been selected for 2 purposes at one time, such every bit both beef and dairy product, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, merely in the past they were as well used for draught. However, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into ii groups through selective convenance.[iii]
Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days afterwards the calving menses, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If it was a cow's first fourth dimension calving, she will take longer to re-breed by at to the lowest degree 10 days.[4] Even so, beef cattle tin can likewise be bred through artificial insemination,[1] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summertime so that calving may occur the following bound.[1] Nevertheless, cattle breeding can occur at other times of twelvemonth. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all yr round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and treatment facilities.[1]
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a bull. Some of the most important factors are illness prevention/spread. Buying a balderdash who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a hazard, it would more than than likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that volition amend the original herd rather than remaining the same or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat backdrop, etc. Convenance Soundness Examination or BSE are essential to the quality of any bull, a full general physical exam and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[5] Knowing more data about the creature volition aid make an educated conclusion.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress surroundings for their herds, involving abiding condom, wellness, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Brute Care Quango, beef cattle must take access to shelter from farthermost weather condition, prophylactic handling and equipment, veterinary intendance and humane slaughter.[half-dozen] If an brute is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibleness of the owners to report information technology immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia.[7] Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of production system, stocking density, etc.), disease and disease can spread speedily through the herd from animal to animal.[eight] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's condition regularly for early on detection and treatment, equally some cattle illnesses tin can threaten both cattle and homo health (known as zoonotic)[vi] as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On average, cattle will consume 1.4 to four% of their torso weight daily.[9] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least seventy years.[10] The 1996 7th edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable poly peptide for the sixth edition's rough protein.[xi] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian do followed the American guidance.[xiii] Already in 1970, the Nutrient and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.[14]
Some animals alive on pasture their unabridged lives and therefore just feel fresh grass, these are typically cow-calf operations in more than tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to accept different diets that comprise more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals abound faster with the college protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all feasible feed options.[fifteen] Despite this 3/fourth of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle swallow each 24-hour interval will exist corn.[16] Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. volition potable an boilerplate of 41 L a 24-hour interval, and approximately 82 L in hot weather.[17] They need a abiding supply of good quality feed and potable h2o co-ordinate to the five Freedoms of Beast Welfare.[18]
Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The commencement feedlots were constructed in the early on 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so big they warranted a new designation, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Most American beef cattle spend the last half of their lives in a CAFO.[sixteen]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs i,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the blood, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is and so hung in a cold room for between one and 4 weeks, during which time it loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is and then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing business firm, the carcass would make about 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[xix] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, in that location is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the musculus, not around it. The more marbled a cut is, the higher it volition grade and be worth more.[xx]
Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling, how the animal is treated earlier it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can crusade adverse effects on the meat, h2o access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. Nevertheless, admission to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the beast is restrained in a chute so movement is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in 1 of iii methods: penetrating convict commodities, non-penetrating convict bolt and gunshot. Nigh abattoirs use captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no hurting during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering, typically the animal volition exist hung by its back leg and its throat volition be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and the animal volition be broken down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Breed | Origin | Clarification |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Australia | A tropically adapted Bos taurus brood, adult from crosses betwixt Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | South Africa | Afrikaners are unremarkably deep red or black with long spreading horns. They take the small cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Australia | Developed for resistance to ticks and for estrus tolerance by crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Australia | Polled breed developed by crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | United States (Arizona) | Developed in the high desert, inter-mountain region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | United States | Hybrid betwixt a moo-cow and an American bison. |
| Beef Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Beefmaster | United States (Texas) | Adult by breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Blueish | Kingdom of belgium | Grey roan, or white with grey on caput. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Ruby-red | Commonwealth of australia | A blended breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Black with white band around middle, stocky, adequately long pilus, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Black Hereford | Great britain | A crossbreed produced past crossing a Hereford bull with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beef offspring from dairy cows. Not maintained as a divide breed, although females may be used for farther breeding with other beef bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | French republic | Pale brown, paler round eyes and olfactory organ. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | South Africa | Developed from ten/sixteen Afrikaner, iii/16 Hereford and 3/16 Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | E Africa (Ethiopia-Kenya) | Ordinarily white, with the bulls existence darker (sometimes most blackness). |
| Brahman | India | Big, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | United states | Developed by crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | Nifty Britain | White torso, with black (or sometimes red) ears, olfactory organ and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | French republic | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped pale horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italia | Dual-purpose, originally large draft breed, afterward selected for beef. |
| Corriente | Mexico | Hardy, small-scale, athletic, criollo-blazon, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Short horns, various colors, often spotted. Also called Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-year-former longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that live close to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | United Kingdom | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Dexter | Republic of ireland | Very small, black or dun, dark horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing gene, leading to very brusk legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Australia | Adult by crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, peculiarly the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of heat and ticks. |
| English Longhorn | England | Ruddy or brindle, with white back and abdomen. Very long cylindrical horns usually spreading sideways or downwardly, ofttimes curving and even eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Red pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beef and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | United States | Pocket-sized, criollo-type descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.Southward. past the Spanish conquistadors. Adjusted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered breed. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Black, stocky, fairly long pilus, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | France | Greyness, hardy, maternal breed. Good growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a concluding sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Frg | Cerise, strong skin pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth rate of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Red, white caput, white finching on neck, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Pocket-size, stocky; blackness, scarlet, dun or white. Very long coat and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Grey | Hungary | Robust, easy-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upward. Slender and tall. Well-adapted to extensive pasture systems. |
| Irish Moiled | Ireland | Blood-red with white dorsum and abdomen, or white with red ears, olfactory organ and feet. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Central Java, Indonesia | Colors varied from light brown to nighttime brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Nippon | A breed of small beef cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of France | Mid-brown, paler round optics and olfactory organ. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Red | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Developed by selectively breeding small Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Crude coat, cherry-red-dark-brown, polled. Bred by crossing Beefiness Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | Eastward Java, Indonesia | Small torso, curt legs, scarlet yellowish pilus. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in France | Red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Gray | South Eastern Australia | Grey or silver polled cattle adult from a roan Shorthorn moo-cow and an Angus bull. Easy-intendance versatile cattle that have been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | India | Exported to Brazil, where it has become a dominant breed. |
| Nguni | South Africa | Extremely hardy breed developed by the Nguni tribes for harsh African conditions. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite distinct. Three subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| North Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Ruby-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piedmontese | Piedmont, Italy | Bred both for beefiness and dairy production; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Coast, US | Landrace heritage endangered brood, lean, pocket-size, adjusted to climate of the Deep S, disease-resistant. Brusque horns, various colors, often spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Austria | Indigenous to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, but well-adapted to drier landscapes of the U.s., Australia and Southward Africa, where they are kept for beef production. Solid scarlet with very distinctive white blaze from wither, down to tail tip and underside. |
| Reddish Angus | Australia, United States | Colour diverseness of Angus in some countries: solid ruddy. Polled. |
| Crimson Poll | E Anglia in England | Ruby-red with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Ruddy Sindhi | Sindh in Pakistan | Red Sindhi cattle are the most pop of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beefiness production or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italian republic | Bred primarily for beef production; often used as draught beasts in the past. White or grey with black pigmented skin and upwardly curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Republic of colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | A breed of cattle native to the democratic community of Galicia in due north-western Kingdom of spain. It is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with about 75% of the population concentrated in the province of Lugo. The coat may exist ruddy-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | France | Red. Hardy, easy calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, The states | Adult by crossing red Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellow-dark-brown, white caput. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beef Shorthorn | Northern England | Carmine, red with white dorsum and belly, or white. |
| Foursquare Meater | New South Wales, Australia | Pocket-size, grey or silver, polled; similar to Murray Gray. |
| Sussex | Due south-east England | Rich anecdote red with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early on 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Nihon | Blackness Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beefiness such as Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | United States | Diverse colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much as 80 inches (2.0 m) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry out climates. Light-muscled, and then bulls often used for first-calf heifers. |
| Wagyū | Japan | Black, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat deposition). |
| Welsh Black | Wales | Black, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | Uk, Republic of ireland | White, with black (or sometimes ruddy) ears, nose and anxiety; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid between a moo-cow and a European bison. |
Run into also [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acrid
- List of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beef Production". University of Guelph, Beast Sciences. Retrieved Apr half-dozen, 2013.
- ^ "Beef Research School: What's the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved April half-dozen, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Better Dairy Cow. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Meaning cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy rate". Academy of Nebraska-Lincoln, Plant of Agronomics and Natural Resources. Retrieved February ane, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Exam of the Male". Merck Transmission Veterinary Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended lawmaking of practice for the care and treatment of farm animals: Beef cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May sixteen, 2017). "Lawmaking of Exercise for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ "Code of practice for the care and treatment of beef cattle: Review of scientific enquiry on priority bug" (PDF). Agronomics Canada. Retrieved Feb 1, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed volition my cow eat". Ministry of Agriculture Alberta. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beef cattle nutrition serial - Part 3: Nutrient Requirement Tables", University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Enquiry Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Beefiness Cattle Nutrition: "Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of practice for the intendance and treatment of farm animals: Beef Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://annal.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. 1000 (1970): "Beef cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, poly peptide supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beefiness Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Nutrition". Mother Earth News. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beef Cattle: The codes of practice" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "thousand lb. steer to 610 lbs. beefiness". Oklahoma Food Safety Sectionalization. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Spruce. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on November iv, 2008. Retrieved November eleven, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma State Academy pages about cattle breeds.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle
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